The difference between AI that harms learning and AI that doubles it isn't the model. It's who governs it.
Exam scores fell when students were given raw chatbot access, in a randomized trial of ~1,000 students.
Bastani et al. · PNAS · 2025Students learned more than twice as much, in less time, from a professor-built tutor grounded in the course's material.
Kestin et al. · Harvard · 2025A guided, guardrailed tutoring program produced roughly two years of typical progress in six weeks.
World Bank · WP 11125 · 2025